Biology

1. Introduction to the living organisms 1.1. Diversity of life. Concept of unity of life 1.2. Systematics 1.3. Importance of biological diversity. Units of measurement in biology 2. Cell structure and organelles 2.1. Cell theory. Prokaryotic cell 2.2. Eukaryotic cell 2.3. Cell wall (plant) and cell membrane 2.4. Cytoplasm and the cytosol 2.5. Organelles (part 1) 2.6. Organelles (part 2) 2.7. Techniques in cytology 2.8. Plant cells and tissues 2.9. Animal epithelial tissue 2.10. Animal nerve cells 2.11. Animal muscle cell and connective tissue 3. Chemistry of life 3.1.1. Water: its physical and chemical properties and physiological role 3.1.2. Carbohydrates (part 1) 3.1.2. Carbohydrates (part 2) 3.1.3. Lipids (part 1) 3.1.3. Lipids (part 2) 3.1.4. Proteins (part 1) 3.1.4. Proteins (part 2) 3.1.5. Nucleic Acid: DNA and RNA 4. Transport across membranes 4.1. Passive transport (part 1) 4.2. Passive transport (part 2) 4.3. Active transport, phagocytosis and pinocytosis 5. Biocatalysis 5.1. Basic thermodynamics 5.2.2.Properties and mechanism of action - activation energy 5.2.3. Cofactors 5.2.4. Inhibition 5.2.5. Enzyme classification by the IUB Convention 6. Cell respiration 6.1. Respiration 6.2. Aerobic respiration 6.2.1. Glycolysis 6.2.2. The Krebs cycle 6.2.3. Electron transport chain (Part 1) 6.2.4. Electron transport chain (Part 2) 6.3. Anaerobic respiration 7. Photosytesis 7.1. Photosynthesis 7.3. Photoactivation of chlorophyll: light dependent reaction 7.4. Calvin cycle - light independent reaction 7.4. Light independent reaction (C3 plants and photorespiration) 7.4. Light independent reaction (C4 and CAM plants) 7.4. The anatomy and physiology of the leaves C3 and C4 plants leaves 7.5. Factors limiting photosynthesis 8. Nutrion 8.1. Autotrophy 8.2. Heterotrophy 9. Gaseous exchange and its control 9.1. Gaseous exchange and its control in animals (part 1) 9.1. Gaseous exchange and its control in animals (part 2) 9.1. Gaseous exchange and its control in animals (part 3) 9.2. Gaseous exchange and its control in plants: Stomata and Lenticels 10. Transport 10.1. Transport and control in human 10.1.1 The heart and its control 10.1.1. Mechanism of the heart beat 10.1.2. Lymphatic system 10.1.3. Cardiovascular diseases 10.2.1. Transport and control in plants – xylem 10.2.2. Transport and control in plants– phloem 11. Homeostasis 11.1. Concept of homeostasis 11.1. Negative feedback in control of blood glucose level 11.1. Mechanism of body temperature regulation 11.2. The structure and functions of the liver 11.3. The structure of the urinary system and its function 11.3. Kindey: osmoregulation and pH regulation (part 1) 11.3. Kindey: osmoregulation and pH regulation (part 2) 11.4. Water concentration in plants 12. The nervous system 12.1. Nervous system - structure 12.2.-12.3 Impulse transmission. Structure of the synapse 12.4. Neuromuscular junction (part 1) 12.4. Neuromuscular junction (part 2) 12.5. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) 12.6. Drug abuse 13. Hormone 13.1. Human hormones 13.2 Plant hormones 13.3. Phytochrome and the effect of light on plant development 14. Immunity 14.1. Immunity 14.2. Lymphatic system (part 1) - introduction 14.2 Lymphatic system (part 2) - cellular immunity 14.2 Lymphatic system (part 3) - humoral immunity 14.2 Lymphatic system (part 4) - self and non-self recognition 14.3. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) 15. Cell division 15.1. The concept of cell division 15.2. The cell cycle 15.3. Mitosis 15.4. Meiosis 16. Genetic inheritance 16.1. Mendelian genetics 16.1.1. Monohybrid 16.1.2. Dihybrid 16.2.1.-16.2.5. Deviations from the Mandelian law (part 1) 16.2.6. Deviations from the Mandelian law (part 2) 16.3.-16.4. Pedigree analysis and genetic mapping 17. Mutation 17.1. Mutation classification and types 17.2. Chromosomal aberration 17.3.1. Alterations of chromosomal number 17.3.2. Euploids 18. Population genetics 18.1. Gene pool concept 18.2. The Hardy – Weinberg Law 19. Expression of biological information 19.1. DNA and genetic information 19.2. DNA replication (part 1) 19.2. DNA replication (part 2) 19.3.1. Protein synthesis - transcription 19.3.2. Protein synthesis - translation 19.4. Lactose operon 20. Recombinant DNA technology 20.1. Introduction to recombinant DNA technology (part 1) 20.1. Introduction to recombinant DNA technology (part 2) 20.2. Genetic engineering - cloning 20.3. Genomic library and gene bank 20.4. Application of recombinant DNA technology 20.4.1. Other application: DNA diagnostic in medicine 20.5. Ethics in genetic engineering 21. Reproduction, growth and development in plants and animals 21.1. Asexual reproduction in plants and animals 21.2.1.-21.2.2. Reproductive organs in plants 21.2.3.-21.2.4. Pollination, double fertilisation 21.3. Growth and development in plants 21.4.1.-21.4.2. Male reproductive system and spermatogenesis 21.4.3. Female reproductive system 21.4.4.-21.4.6. Oogenesis, roles of hormons and fertilisation 21.5.1. Fetal development 21.5.2. Roles of hormones during pregnancy 21.5.2. Roles of hormones during birth 22. Growth 22.1. Growth phases 22.2. Measuring growth 22.3. Types of growth curves 22.4. Patterns of growth 22.5. Dormancy: hibernation, aestivation, diapauses and seed dormancy 23. Diversity 23.1. Classification systems (part 1) 23.2. Classification systems (part 2) 23.3. Virus 23.4. Monera 23.5. Protista/Protoctista 23.6. Protozoa 23.7. Fungi 23.8.1. Plantae: division Bryophyta 23.8.2. Plantae: division Pteridophyta 23.9. Gymno- and Angiosperma 23.10. Animalia: Porifera and Coelenterata/Cnidaria 23.11. Platyhelminthes, Nematoda 23.12. Annelida 23.13. Arthropoda, Mollusca 23.14. Echinodermata 23.15. Chordata 23.16. Biodiversity in Malaysia 24. Variation 24.1.1. Continuous and discontinuous variations, sources of variation 24.2.1. Natural selection (part 1) 24.2.1. Natural selection (part 2) 24.2.2. Artificial selection 24.3. Speciation (part 1) 24.3. Speciation (part 2) 25. Ecology 25.1. Introduction to ecology 25.2. The ecosystem concept (part 1) 25.3 The ecosystem concept (part 2) 25.4. Energy flow (part 1) 25.5. Energy flow (part 2) 25.6. Biogeochemical cycles 26. Quantitative ecology 26.1. Population ecology (part 1) 26.2. Population ecology (part 2) 26.3. Applied ecology (part 1) 26.4. Applied ecology (part 2) 27. Humans and environment 27.1. A healthy environment 27.2. Cause and effects of pollution 27.3. Ways to treat and prevent the pollution